Valorization of Sargassum tenerrimum: Value addition using hydrothermal liquefaction

Sargassum tenerrimum has been used for the production of bio-oil by hydrothermal liquefaction in water sub-critical conditions at a temperature range of 260-300 °C for reaction time 15 min. Maximum bio-oil (16.3 wt%) was obtained at 280 °C and maximum conversion was observed (75.8 wt%) at 300 °C. The solid residue yields decreased continuously from 61.2 wt% to 24.2 wt% as the temperature increased from 260 to 300 °C. The liquid products obtained upon hydrothermal liquefaction were characterized with the help of 1H NMR, GC-MS and FT-IR techniques and bio-residue using FT-IR and XRD. Analysis of bio-oil showed that their components and functional structure of bio-oils were greatly distinguished and consisted of many compounds including phenols, ketones, aldehydes, acid, esters, alcohols, nitrogen-containing compounds, and hydrocarbons. From the GC-MS analysis it has been seen that, organic acid content in the bio-oils were decreased with the increasing temperature from 260 to 300 °C. The band at 1083 cm−1 only appeared in the absorption profile of S. tenerrimum feed, which could be C-O connected with hydroxyl groups and were dehydrated after liquefaction. All the bio-oils showed higher percentages of aliphatic protons in the spectral region from 0.5 to 3.0 ppm. The analysis of bio-residue obtained at various temperatures showed typical amorphous nature that indicated richness of carbon content in the residue.