Upgrading of bio-oils over PdO/Al2O3 catalyst and fractionation

► Two effective upgrading methods for converting bio-oils into automotive fuels is proposed. ► One is deoxygenation of bio-oils by Pd/Al2O3 catalyst and other is IBP < 140 °C fraction of bio-oils by Hempel distillation. ► The catalytic hydrodeoxgenation by Pd/Al2O3 removes the oxygenate compounds from the bio-oils. ► Hempel distillation deoxygenates the bio-oils.