Effects of intake flow and coolant temperature on the spatial fuel distribution in a direct-injection gasoline engine by PLIF technique

► Characterisation of homogenous and stratified fuel mixtures using PLIF technique. ► Effects of coolant temperatures and intake flows on fuel mixtures were examined. ► Similar homogeneous fuel mixtures were found close to the ignition time for both charged motions. ► With late injection, the fuel mixture was stratified at the centre of the cylinder. ► The level of fuel concentration was reduced with the temperature at 120 bar injection pressure.