Location and evolution of the speciation of vanadium in bitumen and model of reclaimed bituminous mixes during ageing: Can vanadium serve as a tracer of the aged and fresh parts of the reclaimed asphalt pavement mixture?

► No evolution of the oxidation state and geometry of vanadium into bitumen matrix with ageing. ► Vanadium can promote the bitumen oxidation through catalytic phenomena. ► Presence of aggregates (CaCO3 particles) enhances the oxidation of bitumen. ► Vanadium speciation during bitumen ageing cannot be used as a proxi of the bitumen ageing.