Chemical-looping combustion of solid fuels - Operation in a 10Â kW unit with two fuels, above-bed and in-bed fuel feed and two oxygen carriers, manganese ore and ilmenite

► A 10 kW CLC unit was operated for a total of 39 h. ► Manganese ore was used as oxygen carrier for more than 10 h. ► In-bed fuel feed was found to significantly improve gas conversion. ► The use of Mn ore as oxygen carrier greatly increased the rate of gasification. ► Gas conversion also increased significantly using Mn ore.