Reduction in emissions of nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon by adding water-containing butanol into a diesel-fueled engine generator

► No surfactant demand to stabilize 0.5 and 1.0 wt.% water in butanol-diesel blends while butanol acts as a stabilizer. ► A small amount of water (0.5 wt.%) in butanol-diesel blend can solve the dilemma between NOx and PM emissions. ► PAHs and BaPeq can be effectively reduced by using 0.5 wt.% water-containing butanol-diesel blends. ► The acceptance of water content in butanol-diesel blends supports a simpler production of butanol additive.