A novel hybrid process of reverse electrodialysis and reverse osmosis for low energy seawater desalination and brine management

► A hybrid process combining RO and RED is proposed. ► The complementary effects between RO and RED are mathematically interpreted. ► Designs of the hybrid process with different configurations are demonstrated. ► The operating conditions of the RED unit is optimized for the hybrid process. ► The energy consumption and discharge salinity are compared for different modes.