Influence of assumed geometric and material imperfections on the numerically determined ultimate resistance of hot-rolled U-shaped steel members

Therefore, it seemed interesting and necessary to conduct a comprehensive study explicitly addressing the sensitivity of the ultimate resistance of U-shaped members on the assumption of the geometric imperfections and residual stresses. The results of this study are presented hereafter and recommendations on the form and amplitude of geometrical imperfections and residual stresses to be included into numerical simulations are derived.