The optimal shapes of piles in integral abutment bridges

Integral abutment bridges (IABs) can be used to avoid the durability issues associated with bearings and expansion joints. For this type of bridge, the design of the optimal pile foundation, especially with respect to the horizontal stiffness, is a challenging issue. A structural optimization approach is proposed in this paper to optimize the pile foundation shape in integral abutment bridges. A procedure was implemented based on linking MATLAB, where an optimization code was developed, and OpenSees, which was used as the finite element solver. The optimization technique was compared with other techniques developed in previous researches to verify its reliability; the technique was then applied to a real 400 m-long IAB building in Verona, Italy, as a case study. The following two possibilities were considered and compared: (a) a pile with two different diameters along the depth and (b) a pile with a pre-hole. In fact, to increase the lateral and rotational flexibilities of the pile head, piles for an integral abutment bridge foundation are often driven into pre-deep holes filled with loose sand. Finally, the case of super-long integral abutment bridges (L = 500 m) with a corresponding displacement on one bridge end of approximately 50 mm was analysed. The following four pile design optimization cases were considered with similar study criteria as the Isola della Scala Bridge: (a) a pinned pile head for semi-integral abutment, (b) a fixed pile head without a pre-hole, (c) a fixed pile head with a pre-hole of any depth, (d) a fixed pile head of a pre-hole with a depth limit (< 2 m) allowing for enough embedded length for the friction pile. The case studies confirmed the potential of the proposed optimization techniques for finding the optimal shape of piles in integral abutment bridges.