Effects of nitrate on the treatment of lead contaminated groundwater by nanoscale zerovalent iron

- Pb(II) removal capacity of nZVI was greatly influenced by nitrate.
- Nitrate reduction led to the formation and deformation of Pb-containing ferrite.
- ORP can indicate the transformation of nZVI particles and related redox processes.
- Shortening reaction time or adding fresh nZVI can reduce the negative effects of nitrate.