In situ embedment and growth of anhydrous and hydrated aluminum oxide particles on polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes

▶ Successful surface modification of PVDF membranes by embedding alumina particles. ▶ The change of interfacial free energy is crucial for particle embedment. ▶ Gibbsite was grown on the embedded particles to further alter surface property. ▶ Hydrophilicity enhancement and bacterial attachment reduction were achieved.