Phosphotungstic acid (HPW) molecules anchored in the bulk of Nafion as methanol-blocking membrane for direct methanol fuel cells

▶ Water-soluble phosphotungstic acid was successfully anchored in the bulk phase of Nafion. ▶ The Cs-HPW cluster in the composite membrane exhibited excellent stability including methanol-blocking and conductivity. ▶ Cs-HPW-Nafion membrane showed a much higher performance in methanol-blocking and cell output.