An optimal power flow plus transmission costs solution

This paper is aimed at the solution of the optimal power flow (OPF) problem with embedded security constraints (OPF-SC) by the particle swarm optimizer. The major objective is to minimize the overall operating cost while satisfying the power flow equations, system security, and equipment operating limits. The overall operating cost is composed by the generation cost, transmission cost, and the consumer benefit. A modification of the conventional particle swarm optimizer (PSO) has been used as the optimization tool, which uses reconstruction operators and dynamic penalization for handling constraints. The reconstruction operators allow the increase of the number of particles within the feasible region. The power equations mismatch, loss active power transmission, and voltages are calculated by the Newton–Raphson method. To demonstrate its robustness, the proposed algorithm was tested on systems from the open literature. Several cases have been studied to test and validate the proposed approach.