Two-port network equivalent of VSC-HVDC for power flow studies

The proposed approach is validated by two test networks which involve High-Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) systems. The obtained results are compared, in terms of accuracy, with those given by the Power System Computer-Aided Design/Electromagnetic Transients including Direct Current (PSCAD/EMTDC) software tool, which involves the detailed system model, once steady-state is reached. Also, the results of the proposed approach are verified against those obtained from a dedicated power flow software tool, i.e., Power System Simulator for Engineering (PSS/E).