Optimal design and analysis of grid-connected photovoltaic under different tracking systems using HOMER

The results show that the two-axis tracker can produce 34% more power than the fixed system, while the vertical axis tracker with continuous adjustment was able to generate up to 20% more power than the fixed system. Horizontal tracker with continuous adjustment shows the highest net present cost (NPC) and the highest levelized cost of energy (LCOE), with a high penetration of solar energy to the grid. For the case of Makkah, the vertical axis tracker with continuous adjustment is the best option as it has low LCOE and NPC values with a positive return on investment (ROI) as well as high renewable energy penetration to the grid, which enhances its viability for a utility-size solar PV grid-connected system.