Adhesive strength of bioactive oxide layers fabricated on TNTZ alloy by three different alkali-solution treatments

- Bioactive surface modification of a TiNbTaZr alloy surface is performed.
- The adhesive strength of the oxide layer to the TiNbTaZr substrate is measured.
- Hydrothermal-electrochemical treatment produces the greatest adhesion.
- Oxide layer thickness and surface cracks decrease with increasing adhesive strength.