Immunological effects of iron oxide nanoparticles and iron-based complex drug formulations: Therapeutic benefits, toxicity, mechanistic insights, and translational considerations

Strategy for developing an experimental framework to assess immunotoxicity of IONPs. IONPs have variety of effects on the immune system. Clinical translation of these formulations is often delayed or even halted due to the immunotoxicity. Here we review the literature and suggest translational considerations. The key recommendation of the review is the strategy for developing experimental framework to assess IONPs immunotoxicity. The framework can be applied to compare between different types of IONPs, as well as between brand and generic version of the same type of iron-based complex drug formulation.284