Mortality models and longevity risk for small populations

The proposed approach is a combination of data aggregation and mortality graduation. In specific, we first combine the historical data of target population, treating it as the reference population, and use the data graduation methods (Whittaker and partial standard mortality ratio) to stabilize the mortality estimates of the target population. We first evaluate whether the proposed method have smaller errors in mortality estimation than the Lee-Carter model in the case of small populations, and explore if it is possible to reduce the bias of parameter estimates in the Lee-Carter model. We found that the proposed approach can improve the model fit of the Lee-Carter model when the population size is 200,000 or less.