Does bio-oil derived from logging residues in Finland meet the European Union greenhouse gas performance criteria?

► We studied the GHG emissions of bio-oil derived from logging residues in Finland. ► We used methodology of the EU renewable energy directive (RED). ► System boundary and parameter assumptions significantly influence the results. ► Consideration of soil carbon changes due to raw material harvesting is important. ► The suitability of the RED methodology to rank biofuels is doubtful.