Energy consumption and CO2 emission impacts of vehicle electrification in three developed regions of China

► The developed regions in China will move into the LDPV saturation period by 2030. ► We design four different scenarios for penetration of HEV, PHEV and EV. ► A strong promotion of PHEV and EV could help cut oil use to a great extent. ► The effort to mitigate CO2 emission is much more difficult than lowering oil use. ► HEV is a better option than PHEV/EV to cut WTW CO2 emission in Jing-Jin-Ji region.