Recent achievements in electronic tongue and bioelectronic tongue as taste sensors

This review presents recent achievements concerning work with electronic tongue (ET) and bioelectronic tongue (BioET) for taste assessment. These two emerging analytical technologies can be designed as taste sensors, which simulate the taste detection modality of human tongue by means of electrochemical sensors or biosensors array. For electronic tongue, the potentiometric and voltammetric types are mainly discussed together with applications in food and pharmaceutical analyses. Enzymatic and gustatory receptor-based biosensors towards bioelectronic tongues are presented.