Challenges for integrating seasonal climate forecasts in user applications

▶ Challenges for integrating seasonal climate forecasts in user applications are discussed. ▶ A simplified end-to-end forecasting system framework is proposed. ▶ Five challenges are highlighted: Firstly, production of climate forecast information one to six months in advance. Secondly, refinement of forecast information at the spatial and time scales required by application models. Thirdly, production of information to support decision making through application models. Fourthly, stimulate feedback from end users to scientists. Fifthly, design and implement the whole end-to-end system. ▶ Objective use of climate forecasts to support decisions requires interaction among scientists and decision makers. ▶ End user should drive the end-to-end forecast system skill assessment through real world applications.