Member state commitments and international environmental regimes: Can appeals to social norms strengthen flexible agreements?

In terms of regime evolution, there has been a general shift from blunt enforcement instruments to the improved transparency of a soft implementation style, involving data reporting and review processes, to ensure the commitments of parties. Flexible instruments are now attracting attention, and these instruments' effectiveness is dependent on stable social norms among the parties. From this perspective of enforcement, it is vital that fundamental infrastructure be created for stabilizing social norms-by promoting reciprocity, fairness and trust. The issue then becomes how to ensure the accountability and transparency of the member states' individual commitments to promote fairness and trust among all members. Reporting and review protocols may enhance these elements. This article illustrates how flexible agreements have sprung up and demonstrates the role of social norms in ensuring commitments in agreements, focusing particularly on UNFCCC negotiation.