The effect of waterpipe smoking on psychomotor performance required for driving: A quasi-experimental trial

The performance-enhancing effects of WPS observed in this study do not justify the use considering the proved long-term health effects. Moreover, our study did not deal with the long term effects of WPS on road traffic injuries. Further studies are necessary to examine if WPS renders drivers to engage in other risk taking activities such as driving in a high speed due to altered cognitive functions.