Surface natures of conductive carbon materials and their contributions to charge/discharge performance of cathodes for lithium ion batteries

The surface natures of five carbon materials, acetylene black, Super P, ECP600JD, KS-6 and CNTs, are compared in terms of morphology, specific surface area and activity towards electrolyte decomposition and anion insertion, and their contributions as conductive additives to cathode performance of lithium ion batteries are understood. With the characterizations from scanning electron microscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis and cyclic voltammetry, it's demonstrated that: (1) the morphology is granular for acetylene black, Super P and ECP600JD, flake-like for KS-6 and wire-like for CNTs; (2) ECP600JD exhibits the largest specific surface area but KS-6 has the smallest one; (3) the activity is the same for all the samples towards the electrolyte decomposition but different from each other towards anion insertion. Charge/discharge tests of LiMn2O4 and LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cathodes indicate that the surface natures of carbon materials play an important role in charge/discharge performance of cathodes for lithium ion batteries. ECP600JD with smallest particle size provides the largest site for electrolyte decomposition leading to the lowest coulombic efficiency, while KS-6 with a layered structure exhibits the highest activity towards anion insertion leading to the lowest charge and discharge capacity of cathode materials. These negative effects become more significant when high voltage cathode materials are used.