A nonlinear equivalent circuit model for lithium ion cells

► Nonlinear equivalent circuit model for lithium ion cells. ► The circuit elements are based on charge transfer reaction and variable resistances. ► The potential drops are the natural state variables rather than cell state-of-charge. ► A pulse protocol was predicted accurately within an error of 50 mV. ► Voltage predicted without parameter re-estimation, amenable as an on-board algorithm.