Interval optimization based performance of photovoltaic/wind/FC/electrolyzer/electric vehicles in energy price determination for customers by electricity retailer

This paper proposes optimal management of hydrogen storage systems and plug-in electric vehicles in the scheduling of retailer under pool market price uncertainty which real-time pricing is determined in comparison with time-of-use pricing and fixed pricing. Also, pool market price uncertainty is modeled via proposed interval optimization approach for uncertainty-based profit function of retailer. In the proposed model, uncertainty-based profit function of retailer is reformulated as a deterministic bi-objective framework with average and deviation profits as the conflict objective functions which deviation profit should be minimized while average profit should be maximized. Furthermore, weighted sum approach is used to solve the proposed bi-objective model in order to obtain Pareto solutions. Finally, fuzzy decision-making approach is provided to select the trade-off solution from Pareto solutions. The proposed MIP-based model is implemented in GAMS software which can be solved using CPLEX solver. Deterministic and interval optimization approaches under fixed, time-of-use, and real-time pricing are utilized in the case studies and the results are compared with each other in order to show the effectiveness of the proposed model. The obtained results show that deviation profit of retailer decreases in the proposed interval optimization approach in comparison with deterministic approach. Also, average profit of retailer increases in the real-time pricing in comparison with time-of-use pricing and fixed pricing.