Part I: Thermal analysis of naturally ventilated BIPV system: Experimental investigation and convective heat transfer coefficients estimation

The purpose of this two-part study is to present the experimental analysis carried out on a naturally ventilated Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) system and the new correlations developed for the estimation of the convective heat transfer coefficients (CHTC) in the air gap, and use the developed correlations to construct a simulation model which is validated with the experimental data. In BIPV systems the air gap is responsible to cool the PVs and remove excess heat to avoid building overheating. The ventilation of the air gap can be natural or mechanical. However, naturally ventilated systems are less studied although they have important advantages over the mechanically ventilated ones, such as the avoidance of extra energy of the fans, maintenance and noise. The present Part I of this study presents an experimental based thermal analysis of a naturally ventilated vertical BIPV system. A series of experiments on a custom made BIPV system were carried in real outdoor conditions as well as indoors with the use of a large scale solar simulator to measure the thermal characteristics of the system and its thermal behaviour. Indoor experiments were performed to avoid external disturbances from wind that may occur outside. The results show that an open-ended air gap of 0.1 m can create adequate air flow on naturally ventilated systems and can ensure low PV temperatures to avoid PV efficiency decrease. The experimental data are then used to estimate the convective heat transfer coefficients to fit the real conditions of the BIPV systems. Then two correlations are proposed for the estimation of the Nusselt number that fits best the thermal characteristics of a naturally ventilated BIPV system.