Study of long-term biocompatibility and bio-safety of implantable nanogenerators

The long-term bio-compatibility and bio-safety of PVDF-based NGs in female ICR mice were studied. While no signs of toxicity or incompatibility induced by the packaged NGs were observed, the device integrity including PVDF functionality and electrode coverage was well preserved. Moreover, no reduction in electrical outputs was found over the entire implantation period, ensuring an electrically safe operation. These systematic studies provide a cornerstone for practical i-NG system implantation.298