Nanoparticle-induced fast nucleation of pinhole-free PbI2 film for ambient-processed highly-efficient perovskite solar cell

Novel nanoparticle-induced fast nucleation (NIFN) method was developed to achieve fully ambient-processed, pinhole-free MAPbI3 layer. High quality MAPbI3-based solar cell fabricated in ambient (RH = 60%) with a stable record efficiency of 18.34% can be achieved.221