Effect of Ti-containing inclusions on the nucleation of acicular ferrite and mechanical properties of multipass weld metals

► Sonication evenly dispersed titanium oxide nanoparticles in the binders. ► Titanium oxide nanoparticles produced a uniform dispersion of fine inclusions. ► Acicular ferrite structure nucleated at Ti-containing inclusions. ► Fine intragranular ferrite enhanced mechanical properties of weld metal.