Effects of titanium additive on microstructure and wear performance of iron-based slag-free self-shielded flux-cored wire

► We develop slag-free self-shielded flux-cored wires containing different amounts of titanium. ► Titanium addition promotes the formation of TiC. ► Increasing titanium will refine and decrease primary (Cr,Fe)7(C,B)3 carbides. ► Wire with added 24 wt.% Fe-Ti exhibits ideal wear resistance. ► Improved wear resistance depends on higher hardness and refined microstructure.