Fault detection and characterisation in Pressurised Water Reactors using real-time simulations

► The discovery that simply comparing plant outputs when faulty with expected plant outputs does not provide information on the nature or magnitude of the fault, in many cases it does not even identify a fault condition. ► Redeveloping the theory to include control parameters in the comparison, and so eliminating the compensating effect caused by the control system. ► The virtual implementation showing the redeveloped theory not only identifies the fault condition much earlier but also provides information to the nature of the fault as well as a fault input function to the control system.