Survey of radiator temperatures in buildings supplied by district heating

The results, incorporating data from 109 radiator systems located in Gothenburg's district heating system, showed that the average supply and return temperatures for design outdoor temperature −16 °C are 64 °C and 42 °C, respectively. For an outdoor temperature of 5 °C or more all radiator systems had supply temperatures of 55 °C or less. The results also showed that radiator systems with a large radiator heat transfer area had the largest potential for lower radiator operating temperatures, as indicated by the normalized radiator constant and the specific space heating demand.