Expert elicitations of energy penalties for carbon capture technologies

► Expert assessments of the energy penalty in 2025 for 6 carbon capture technologies. ► Possible for several technologies to achieve energy penalty of 0.1-0.15 by 2025. ► Carbon pricing reduces energy penalties by 1-10%, government R&D by 6-14%. ► Adsorption and membrane-based capture show largest improvement with policy drivers. ► Pre-combustion and oxyfuel are least amenable to policy-driven improvements.