Relative permeability and non-wetting phase plume migration in vertical counter-current flow settings

► Non-wetting phase plume migration in unconsolidated porous medium. ► Measurement of changes in non-wetting phase saturations over time by 4-electrode resistivity approach. ► Dynamics of counter-current flow experiments are not captured by calculations based on co-current relative permeability measurements. ► Co-current relative permeability functions underestimate migration time of non-wetting phase significantly. ► Flow dependent relative permeability functions are needed to estimate migration time in CO2/brine systems.