Lime mud from papermaking process as a potential ameliorant for pollutants at ambient conditions: a review

Lime mud from papermaking process (LMP) is a solid waste originated from the causticization process. Due to fine particle size and high alkalinity of LMP, its recovery is expensive and adverse effect is still uncertain. This review presents several current techniques proposed for LMP utilization in order to minimize its toxic effect on the environment. Conventional uses such as soil amendments, landfill and building materials are continually conducted. Recently, novel utilization of LMP to immobilize and remove pollutants in different phases (liquid, solid and gas) has provided new opportunities for efficient removal of dye, organics, heavy metals, carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide. Moreover, as an additive summarized in this review, LMP can enhance the performance of biological process for treating organic waste, and its available value would be potentially improved further.