Tissue mechanics of piled critical size biomimetic and biominerizable nanocomposites: Formation of bioreactor-induced stem cell gradients under perfusion and compression

• Under perfusion and compression, cell-free PLGA/a-CaP exhibit increasing stiffness over time because of calcium phosphate transformation. Cell-seeded constructs do exhibit a constant stiffness, indicating that cells soften the material.
• Linear cell density gradients within the construct layers with r2>0.95 for different flow rates are generated under perfusion and compression.
• Perfusion and compression trigger partial osteogenesis without cell culture medium supplementation.
• Compared to static culture conditions, adipose-derived stem cells are better distributed within the scaffold layer under perfusion.

BackgroundPerfusion bioreactors are used to solve problems in critical size bone tissue engineering. Biominerizable and biocompatible nanocomposites are suitable scaffold materials for this purpose because they offer mineral components in organic carriers. Human adipose derived stem cells (ASCs) can potentially be used to increase bone healing.Materials and methodsElectrospun nanocomposite disks of poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid and amorphous calcium phosphate nanoparticles (PLGA/a-CaP) were seeded with ASCs and eight disks were stacked in a bioreactor running with normal culture. Under perfusion and uniaxial cyclic compression, load-displacement curves as a function of time were assessed. Stiffness and energy dissipation were recorded. Moreover, stem cell densities in the layers of the piled scaffold were determined as well as their morphologies and differentiation status.ResultsWhile the stiffness of the cell free constructs increased over time based on the transformation of the a-CaP nanoparticles into flake-like apatite, ASC-seeded constructs showed a constant stiffness. Stem cell density gradients had a linear increase from the bottom to the top of the pile (r2>0.95). Stem cells were getting more roundish at higher flow rates. Some osteogenesis was found upon osteopontin immunostaining, while no endothelial cell differentiation and no chondrogenesis was triggered.ConclusionsThe fabrication of a critical size bone graft is presented based on a biominerizable bone-biomimetic nanocomposite with preserved stiffness when seeded with ASCs. The cell densities of ASCs inside the piled construct varied with a linear gradient. Beginning osteogenesis was triggered by the dynamic culture conditions including perfusion and compression.

Assessment of tissue mechanics (stiffness and energy dissipation) of cell-free and human adipose-derived stem cell seeded nanocomposites in a perfusion bioreactor under cyclic uniaxial compression: preservation of stiffness in the presence of cells.Figure optionsDownload high-quality image (162 K)Download as PowerPoint slide