Evolution of 'designed' industrial symbiosis networks in the Ulsan Eco-industrial Park: 'research and development into business' as the enabling framework

► 'Self-organized' symbiosis networks may be insufficient for EIP transition. ► Research and development (R&DB) framework for 'designed' industrial symbiosis networks is proposed. ► 'Designed' industrial symbiosis networks are viable. ► Policy instrument, facilitator and enabling framework accelerate EIP transition.