Cross-boundary environmental effects of urban household metabolism based on an urban spatial conceptual framework: a comparative case of Xiamen

► We propose an urban spatial conceptual framework which includes USR and UFRs. ► Spatial environmental effects of household consumption are evaluated by Xiamen case. ► Household metabolism is affected by the inherent pattern-process-value chain. ►System depends more on external environmental resources toward less sustainability. ► System which consumes resources should accept regional environmental responsibility.