Evaluation of multiple ionization effect in collision of low energy proton with Au, Pb, and Bi

A careful evaluation of atomic parameters such as fluorescence yields and Coster-Kronig probabilities provides a platform to interpret the atomic properties of matter in an appropriate way. Investigations are made for these parameters of Gold (79Au), Lead (82Pb), and Bismuth (83Bi) bombarded by the protons in the low energy regime i.e. 260-400 keV. An important phenomenon i.e. Multiple Ionization (MI) effect, which enormously influenced them is included in the present calculations. The calculated results are compared with the experimental measurements. It is analyzed that the predictions involving MI effect agree well with the experimentally measured values as compared to the calculations without it.