Hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylases as targets for neuroprotection by “antioxidant” metal chelators: From ferroptosis to stroke

► Adaptation to hypoxia has evolved over billions of years. ► HIF prolyl hydroxylases are sensors of hypoxia. ► Antioxidant “metal chelators” inhibit HIF prolyl hydroxylases. ► Prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors prevent death via HIF-dependent and independent paths. ► Prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors prevent ferroptosis and stroke.