Earthworm invasion in North America: Food resource competition affects native millipede survival and invasive earthworm reproduction

► Asian earthworms are invading the Southern Appalachian Mountains with unknown effects. ► Earthworm survival in the presence of millipedes depended on food resources. ► Earthworms appeared to compete with North American millipedes for food resources. ► Millipedes affected the reproductive output of the invasive earthworm. ► Millipedes appear to exert some biotic resistance to Asian earthworm invasion.