Production of bone marrow, liver, thymus (BLT) humanized mice on the C57BL/6 Rag2−/−γc−/−CD47−/− background

C57BL/6 Rag2−/−γc−/−CD47−/− triple-knockout mice engrafted with fetal human bone marrow, liver, thymus (TKO-BLT) not only develop high levels of multi-lineage hematopoiesis but also organized lymphoid tissues including mesenteric lymph nodes, splenic follicles and gut-associated lymphoid tissues of human origin. A unique advantage of these mice is that they sustain human cell and tissue engraftment long-term without the development of graft versus host disease. Thus they can be used for long-term studies not previously feasible with other models. The production of TKO-BLT mice to obtain healthy mice with high level reconstitution of human cells and tissues requires specialized methods that are presented in detail.