Dynamic remodeling of intracellular Ca2Â + signaling during atrial fibrillation

► Summary of alterations in intracellular Ca2 + signaling during AF. ► Novel concept of 6 distinct phases of altered Ca2 + signaling during AF. ► Table with overview of major studies in the field. ► Discussion of Ca2 + dysregulation based pathologic mechanisms in AF. ► Contribution of heart failure to atrial Ca2 + signaling dysregulation.