Immune barriers of Ebola virus infection

Barriers to EBOV infection. 1: Neutralizing Abs and Ab-mediated functions; 2: Attachment factors such as C-type lectin receptors allow EBOV binding to the membrane of target cells; 3: EBOV enters through macropinocytosis and binds its cellular receptor, the cholesterol transporter Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1) in the endosome; 4: In infected cells, viral proteins VP35 and VP24 play an important role targeting the type I IFN response both at the production and signaling levels; 5: EBOV infects discrete DC subsets (inflammatory DCs derived from monocytes) which also capture cell debris from other infected cells; 6: DCs provide a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity by priming of EBOV-specific CD8 T cells; 7: CD4 T cell mediated help is necessary for activation of the humoral immune response and anti-EBOV antibody production.