Muscarinic type-1 receptors contribute to IK,ACh in human atrial cardiomyocytes and are upregulated in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation

Our data suggest that Gq-coupled M1-receptors also regulate human atrial IK,ACh and that their relative contribution to IK,ACh activation is increased in cAF patients. We provide novel insights about the role of non-M2-receptors in human atrial cardiomyocytes, which may have important implications for understanding AF pathophysiology.