Biometric verification by cross-correlation analysis of 12-lead ECG patterns: Ranking of the most reliable peripheral and chest leads

In single-lead ECG human identity applications, we found maximal TVR (87-89%) for the frontal plane leads (I, − aVR, II) within (0-60°) sector. Other leads were ranked: inferior (85%), lateral to septal (82-81%), with intermittent V3 drop (77.6%), suggesting anatomical landmark displacements. ECG pattern view from multi-lead sets improved TVR: chest (91.3%), limb (94.6%), 12-leads (96.3%).