Shoulder function: The perfect compromise between mobility and stability

Shoulder function is a compromise between mobility and stability. Its large mobility is based on the structure of the glenohumeral joint and simultaneous motion of all segments of the shoulder girdle. This requires fine-tuned muscle coordination. Given the joint's mobility, stability is mainly based on active muscle control with only a minor role for the glenohumeral capsule, labrum and ligaments. In this review factors influencing stability and mobility and their consequences for strength are discussed, with special attention to the effects of morphology, muscle function and sensory information.