Successful treatment of massive hemothorax with class IV shock using aortography with transcatheter embolization of actively bleeding posterior left intercostal arteries after penetrating left chest trauma: A case for the hybrid OR

Massive hemothorax from intercostal arterial bleeding is a rare complication after penetrating chest injury (Aoki et al., 2003). Selective, catheter-based embolization is a useful therapeutic option for hemorrhage control and can be expeditiously employed if a hybrid operating room is available.